ArticlePathogens and global health2026
Epidemiology, recurrence, and mortality in patients with
Article in Pathogens and global health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Characteristics, temporal trends and outcomes of Clostridioides difficile infection among hospitalized patients in Spain, 2016-2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Increasing burden of Clostridioides difficile infection in Spain: nationwide trends in hospitalisations, 2016-2023.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2026Observational
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant contributor to healthcare-associated infections worldwide, with an increasing incidence in Europe. It has significant morbidity in high-risk, hospitalized patients. Despite previous studies in Spain, there have been no updates to nationwide data since 2015.
aimTo provide an updated epidemiological overview of CDI in Spain, focusing on incidence, recurrence, mortality, and regional variability in hospitalized patients between 2016 and 2022.
methodsA nationwide, retrospective study was carried out using a Spanish national health system registry including data from hospitalization discharge reports. Data from 66,864 hospitalizations with a CDI diagnosis were analyzed and descriptive analyses and Poisson regression models were performed to assess trends in CDI incidence, recurrence, and mortality over time.
resultsCDI incidence increased from 30 to 43 cases per 100,000 hospitalizations between 2016 and 2022. Recurrence was observed in 15-16% of cases from 2020 to 2022. All-cause, in-hospital mortality remained steady at 11-13% over the observation period. There was regional variability, with some regions showing the highest incidences and other regions having the lowest. The median age of patients was 75 years, and women accounted for 53% of cases.
conclusionThe results highlight a steady increase in CDI incidence in Spain over the last two decades, particularly since 2020, probably influenced by the widespread antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recurrence and mortality rates remain significant challenges. These findings highlight the need for national surveillance programs, improved diagnostic protocols, and targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of CDI.
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