ArticleNature communications2025
Phase-probability shaping for speckle-free holographic lithography.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Single-exposure holographic 3D printing via inverse-designed phase masks.Science advances · 2026Article
- Freeform optical flow based on meta-conveyors for compact, programmable in situ nanomanipulation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Polarization-controlled metasurface for simultaneous holographic display and three-dimensional depth perception.Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Optical holography has undergone rapid development since its invention in 1948, but the accompanying speckles with alternating dark and bright spots of randomly varying shapes are still untamed now due to the intrinsic fluctuations from irregular complex-field superposition. Despite spatial, temporal and spectral averages for speckle reduction, holographic images cannot yet meet the requirement for high-homogeneity, edge-sharp and shape-unlimited features in optical display and lithography. Here we report that holographic speckles can be removed by narrowing the probability density distribution of encoded phase to homogenize optical superposition. Guided by this physical insight, an Adam-gradient-descent probability-shaping (APS) method is developed to prohibit the fluctuations of intensity in a computer-generated hologram (CGH), which empowers the experimental reconstruction of irregular images with ultralow speckle contrast (C = 0.08) and record-high edge sharpness (~1000 mm
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.