Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41136239›Full record

Trial reportThe British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners2026

Nasal sprays and a behavioural intervention for respiratory tract infections in primary care: 12-month follow-up of a randomised open-label trial.

Paul Little, Jane Vennik, Kate Rumsby, Beth Stuart, Taeko Becque, Michael Moore, Nick Francis, Alastair D Hay, Theo Verheij, Katherine Bradbury and 21 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

31 authors.

Paul LittlePrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK p.little@soton.ac.uk.
Jane VennikPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Kate RumsbyPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Beth StuartWolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-5432-7437
Taeko BecquePrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Michael MoorePrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Nick FrancisPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8939-7312
Alastair D HayCentre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Theo VerheijJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Katherine BradburySchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Kate GreenwellSchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-3662-1488
Laura DennisonSchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Sian HoltSchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
James Denison-DaySchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Ben AinsworthSchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
James RafteryHealth Economics Analysis Team, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Tammy ThomasPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Christopher C ButlerNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-0102-3453
Samantha Richards-HallPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Debs SmithPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Hazel PatelPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Samantha WilliamsPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Jane BarnettPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Karen MiddletonPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Sascha MillerPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Sophie JohnsonPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Jacqui NuttallSouthampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Fran WebleySouthampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Tracey SachPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Lucy YardleySchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Adam Wa GeraghtyPrimary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe Immune Defence trial documented a short-term impact on respiratory tract infections (RTIs) for nasal sprays and a stress management and physical activity website.

aimTo estimate the impact of sprays and the website after 12 months. DESIGN AND

settingA four-arm parallel randomised controlled trial. Participants with comorbidities and/or ≥3 self-reported recurrent RTIs were recruited.

methodParticipants were randomised by online software (stratified by recurrent illness and comorbidities) to a) usual care (

resultsUsual care participants (

conclusionWidely available, inexpensive sprays and a website promoting self-care reduce the incidence, duration, and/or severity of RTIs and have an impact on work days lost and healthcare use.

Indexed as

Behavior TherapyNasal SpraysRespiratory Tract InfectionsStress, PsychologicalAdultFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrimary Health CareTreatment OutcomeNasal Spraysbehavioural supportgeneral practicenasal spraysprimary health carerespiratory illness

Identifiers

PMID41136239
PMCPMC13531587

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.