ArticlePloS one2025
Epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Pingdu, Shandong, China from 2013 to 2023 and DLNM analysis of its variation with temperature.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Epidemiological trends and climate-driven dynamics of children respiratory infections in Lanzhou, China: a multi-pathogen time-series analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiological situation of HFMD in Pingdu over the past decade, and investigate the relationship between environmental factors, specifically temperature, and the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease.
methodsStatistical techniques, including Distributed Lag Non-linear Models and spatial autocorrelation analysis, were employed to elucidate epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Pingdu and the non-linear effects time-lagged relationships of temperature on the incidence.
resultsThe incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in Pingdu exhibits seasonal distribution, and the incidence rate is highest from May to August each year. The spatial distribution shows almost no spatial autocorrelation. Children under the age of 7 account for 91.09% of HFMD cases, with an obvious trend of increased incidence in older age groups by 2023. Notably, severe cases predominantly occurred in children under 3 years old, and EV-A71 accounts for a higher proportion compared with other enteroviruses. The pathogen types of hand, foot and mouth disease have changed from mainly EV-A71 and CVA16 to other enteroviruses. When the daily maximum temperature reaches 33.4°C, the relative risk (RR = 1.33) is highest at the one lag day.
conclusionThis study reveals the epidemiological characteristics and climate risk factors of hand, foot and mouth disease in Pingdu. It is important to note that children, especially those under the age of 3, are the key population for the prevention and control of hand, foot and mouth disease. It is recommended that health authorities incorporate temperature into the formulation of hand, foot and mouth disease prevention and control policies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.