SynthesisEquine veterinary journal2026
Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review and meta-analyses: Prevalence, morbidity and mortality.
Synthesis in Equine veterinary journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review and meta-analyses: Prevalence, morbidity and mortality.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Pooled it
- Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review: Disease management.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEquine trypanosomiasis is a neglected protozoal disease.
objectivesTo perform a systematic search of literature to explore: (1) In equines what is the global geographical distribution and prevalence of trypanosomiasis? In low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is trypanosomiasis more prevalent than in higher-income countries (HICs)? (2) Is trypanosomiasis infection a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality? STUDY
designSystematic review and meta-analyses.
methodsStudies were identified that described naturally occurring equine trypanosomiasis worldwide following 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' using eight international databases (1980-2022). Equine population data for each country were extracted. Meta-analyses were used to estimate point prevalence and disease characteristics. Country exposure risk to equines (negligible/low/medium/high) and clinical data (Trypanosoma sp.; outbreak (O) vs. endemic (E) disease) were categorised.
resultsStudy quality was assessed (Question 1 prevalence: n = 147 manuscripts, median grade 'medium' (4/8 (range 2-6)); Question 2 morbidity and mortality: n = 46 'moderate' (n = 1), 'low' (n = 20) or 'very low' (n = 25)). Heterogeneity was high. LMICs were more likely to report disease (41/125; 33% vs. 7/80, 9%; (p < 0.001; OR 5.1 (2.1-14.2))). Fifty-six percent of the world's equines reside in a 'medium'/'high' risk country (61,507,601). Disease characteristics were summated. For Trypanosoma evansi: (O) Infection rate (IR) (42%; 95% CI 14-76), morbidity (47%; (13-85)), mortality (23%; 7-54) and death to case ratio (DCR) (45%; 20-73). Trypanosoma equiperdum: (O) IR 12% (7-18), morbidity 25% (9-49). Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis (O): IR 46% (29-63), morbidity 46% (29%-63%), mortality 6% (1-19), DCR 12% (2-38). (E) IR 50% (20-60), morbidity (no data), mortality 11% (7-14), DCR 9% (5-16). Trypanosoma vivax (O) IR 43% (10-83), morbidity 43% (10-83), mortality 15% (0-100), DCR 32% (0-100). MAIN LIMITATIONS: Publication bias, heterogeneity, descriptive data, missing data.
conclusionsEquine trypanosomiasis predominates in LMICs. Conservatively, globally more than eight million equines are estimated to be affected, with substantial morbidity and mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.