ArticleThe American journal of sports medicine2025
Delayed Surgery and Adenosine, Lidocaine, and Mg
Article in The American journal of sports medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Next-generation strategies for anterior cruciate ligament repair: constructing biointelligent ligament grafts integrating biomimetic design, immune modulation, and sensory feedback.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe timing for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) and strategies to enhance postoperative healing remain controversial, with little known regarding potential sex-specific differences. Perioperative adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg PURPOSE: To examine the effect of delayed surgery in males and females, and the effect of ALM therapy to augment joint tissue healing. STUDY
designControlled laboratory study.
methodsAfter noninvasive ACL rupture, adult male (n = 38) and female (n = 39) Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into early (3-day delay) or delayed (14-day delay) ACLR surgery groups, and to receive ALM therapy or saline. During ACLR, an ALM or saline intravenous 1-hour infusion was commenced before first incision, and an intra-articular bolus of ALM or saline was administered at surgery end. Animals were monitored to 28 days postoperatively, and pain, functional recovery, inflammation and joint tissue repair markers, and histopathology were assessed.
resultsIn the first postoperative week, delayed ACLR was associated with a lymphocyte-driven immune response, with less systemic inflammation compared with early ACLR. This response was associated with faster recovery of body weight, and less joint pain and swelling in both sexes. At 28 days postoperatively, graft and adjacent joint tissue healing appeared more advanced in females than males, regardless of surgical timing. In both sexes, ALM blunted synovial levels of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β), reduced injury markers in articular cartilage, and improved graft healing, evidenced from increased expression of tissue repair markers and bony ingrowth at the graft-tunnel interface.
conclusionDelayed versus early ACLR improves joint recovery, and ALM further augments healing by blunting the early immunoinflammatory response in both sexes, irrespective of surgical timing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Delaying ACLR has the advantage of reducing the pre- and postoperative joint inflammatory environment, with improved outcomes. Perioperative ALM therapy may augment joint healing in both sexes after ACLR.
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