Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41128391›Full record

ArticlePsychiatry and clinical neurosciences2026

Effects of Extended-Release Methylphenidate on Dopamine and Norepinephrine Transporters in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Longitudinal Dual-Tracer PET Study.

Masaki Oya, Kiwamu Matsuoka, Manabu Kubota, Soichiro Kitamura, Yuko Kataoka, Naomi Kokubo, Keisuke Takahata, Chie Seki, Hironobu Endo, Kenji Tagai and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Masaki OyaAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7709-9520
Kiwamu MatsuokaAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Manabu KubotaAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9507-1845
Soichiro KitamuraAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Yuko KataokaAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Naomi KokuboAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Keisuke TakahataAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Chie SekiAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Hironobu EndoAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Kenji TagaiAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Yuhei TakadoInstitute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Kosei HirataAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Masanori IchihashiAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0431-4125
Shin KuroseAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Nobumasa KatoMedical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
Genichi SugiharaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Masaaki ShimizuDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2014-0161
Shunsuke TakagiDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Wakako ItoJapan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
Motoaki NakamuraMedical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
Makoto HiguchiAdvanced Neuroimaging Center, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
Hidehiko TakahashiDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Funding

Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development 23 dm0307008Japan Science and Technology Agency JPMJCR22P3Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 23H04979
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with dysregulation of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission. Extended-release methylphenidate (MPH), a first-line treatment for ADHD, modulates these systems. However, its specific effects on the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) are inadequately characterized. This study evaluated the effects of MPH on DAT and NET binding in adults with ADHD and examined the relationship between transporter binding and cognitive improvement.

methodsThis longitudinal dual-tracer positron emission tomography (PET) study used [

resultsMPH treatment significantly decreased DAT binding in the caudate and putamen and NET binding in the thalamus and pons. Improvements in attention and multitasking abilities were observed. Baseline NET binding in the pons was higher in individuals with ADHD than in controls, and higher baseline DAT binding in the putamen predicted improvement in sustained attention. However, changes in DAT and NET binding did not correlate with cognitive improvement. Blood concentration analysis revealed that even at MPH blood levels that resulted in high DAT occupancy in the striatum, NET occupancy in the thalamus remained moderate.

conclusionsMPH simultaneously reduced DAT and NET binding in ADHD, enhanced dopamine and norepinephrine transmission, and improved cognitive function. The differential occupancy of DAT and NET suggests distinct contributions to the therapeutic effects of MPH.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityCentral Nervous System StimulantsDopamine Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsMethylphenidateNorepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsAdultDelayed-Action PreparationsFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedPositron-Emission TomographyYoung AdultCentral Nervous System StimulantsDelayed-Action PreparationsDopamine Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsMethylphenidateNorepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteinsattention‐deficit disorder with hyperactivitycase‐control studiesdopamine plasma membrane transport proteinsnorepinephrine plasma membrane transport proteinspositron‐emission tomography

Identifiers

PMID41128391
PMCPMC12757760

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.