ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026
Extreme Genetic Diversity and Signatures of Balancing Selection in Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Antigens.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Malaria serology for surveillance, insights into immunity, and vaccine development.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- Assessing the effect of parasite antigen genetic diversity on performance of Plasmodium vivax serological exposure markers for malaria: a multicentre observational diagnostic accuracy study.The Lancet. Microbe · 2026Observational
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundKnowledge of the genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax antigen vaccine candidates can offer valuable insights into antigens targeted by host immunity and their utility as vaccine candidates. We previously catalogued the genetic diversity of DBP, MSP1, and members of the RBP family. Here we report the diversity of 14 additional P vivax vaccine candidates to identify polymorphic domains and immune selection, to guide selection of alleles for vaccine development.
methodsA total of 289 of 353 publicly available P vivax whole genome sequences from Asia, the Americas, and Oceania passed a stringent variant-calling pipeline. Measures of diversity and balancing selection were calculated both across linear gene sequences and 3-dimensional (3D) proteins.
resultsThe blood-stage antigens AMA1, CyRPA, RBP1a, and P41 exhibited high genetic diversity and signatures of balancing selection on both linear and 3D structures. These signatures were consistent across all endemic regions, suggesting that these polymorphic loci are under immune selection. In contrast, CSP, TRAP, MSP4, MSP9, MSP10, GAMA, S12, ARP, S25, and S28 antigens showed low to intermediate genetic diversity and variable patterns among countries. Haplotype networks identified common variants that may represent antigenically distinct clusters. Importantly, sequences from the vaccine strain Sal-1 have extremely low global frequencies.
conclusionsAMA1, CyRPA, RBP1a, and P41 are under strong immune selection, while other antigens show limited diversity. Current vaccine formulations based on Sal-1 may have limited efficacy. Our results provide a framework for vaccine developers to select more common variants.
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