ArticleCurrent research in toxicology2025
Pulmonary inflammation and immune responses induced by nanocellulose: Insights from
Article in Current research in toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
The increasing use of nanocellulose (NC), including cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), in industrial, biomedical, and consumer products has raised concerns regarding potential inhalation exposure, as these materials contain components within the respirable particle size range (<10 µm). Despite expanding applications, data on NC-induced pulmonary and systemic immune effects remain limited. This study investigated the pulmonary and immunotoxic effects of CNF1 (TEMPO-oxidized), CNF2 (mechanically fibrillated), and CNC1 in rats following intratracheal instillation, using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a benchmark. All materials were administered at 2.0 mg/kg body weight, with fiber diameters of 14.1-28.2 nm and lengths of 0.7-2.2 µm. At 28 d post-instillation, all NC were phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and histopathological analyses revealed that CNF2 induced limited inflammation with granuloma formation and minimal BALF changes, whereas CNF1 and CNC1 triggered similar changes in BALF inflammatory markers. Although CNC1 elicited the most notable histopathological changes among NCs, all NC-induced responses were less severe than those caused by MWCNTs. No significant alterations were observed in lymphocyte subsets in the spleen or thymus, indicating minimal systemic immunotoxicity.
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