Toward an ion-based large-scale integrated circuit: design, simulation, and integration.

Iontronics combines ions as information carriers with electronic-like operations, enabling the creation of ion-based integrated circuits that offer unique signal processing, chemical regulation, and enhanced bio-integrability. Existing simulation tools encounter difficulties in effectively modeling integrated iontronic components, highlighting the need for specialized design and simulation methodologies. Here we present a design approach toward ion-based large-scale integrated circuits, inspired by electronic integrated circuit abstraction levels. We develop a compact model for the iontronic bipolar diode, with a conceptual framework applicable to other iontronic components. The model is implemented using standard Electronic Design Automation tools, allowing simulation of static and dynamic properties of iontronic circuits. Simulated results match measurements from fabricated small-scale iontronic circuits. The proposed simulation approach employs Monte Carlo methodology and enables exploration of how component non-uniformity influences circuit behavior. We demonstrate the model's utility by simulating ion-based integrated circuits, including an iontronic decoder and diode bridge. Expanding traditional circuit design tools to support iontronics could advance the development of hybrid systems that leverage both electronic and ionic functionalities.