ArticleScientific reports2025
In vitro complement activation via nucleocapsid and spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Increased anti-nucleocapsid secretory IgA and consumption of complement component 3 in post-COVID syndrome patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the overactivation of the complement, the role of classical pathway is still not thoroughly investigated in COVID-19. Our aim was to examine the connection between SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, in vitro complement activation, and in vivo complement profiles in COVID-19 severity groups. Significant differences were detected in the in vitro complement deposition (C3b and C4b) between patients with or without SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in each COVID-19 severity group. Interestingly, we could detect in vitro complement depositions via nucleocapsid (N) protein without N-specific antibodies. Furthermore, no differences were detected in the levels of specific antibodies among the whole COVID-19 groups. In vitro complement activation by spike (S) protein was only detected with high S-specific IgG. Next, in vivo complement biomarkers were compared in samples with low or high C3b, C4b depositions. Although, SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM were strongly associated with in vitro complement deposition, it was only C3a and factor B that was elevated in samples with high in vitro N-induced C3b deposition. In conclusion, in vitro C3b and C4b depositions by S- and N-proteins were associated with the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Furthermore, convalescence and severely ill patients with specific antibodies showed slight difference in in vitro C4b deposition via nucleocapsid protein.
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