ArticleBMJ open2025
Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes and hypertension, and the prognosis and kidney function decline in Indonesia: a multicentre cross-sectional study in primary care centres.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Managing Early-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease: A Qualitative Study of Patients' and Healthcare Professionals' Perspectives.Nursing & health sciences · 2026Article
- Mechanistic Insights into the Antihypertensive and Cardioprotective Actions of Corosolic Acid: A Narrative Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Web-based Machine Learning Model for Predicting Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter Study.F1000Research · 2026Article
- Association of Cumulative Average Uric Acid to HDL Cholesterol Ratio with the Risk of Rapidly Declining Renal Function: A Retrospective Community-Based Cohort Study in Shanghai Undertaken on Elderly Subjects with Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesTo examine chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence, incidence, prognosis, kidney function decline and associated risk factors among people with diabetes and/or hypertension.
designCross-sectional multicentre study.
setting14 primary care centres across Jakarta.
participantsAdults (≥18 years) with diabetes and/or hypertension were included. Exclusion criteria were receiving kidney replacement therapy, language barrier, cognitive impairments, refusal to consent and pregnancy. Participants were grouped into three categories: hypertension only, diabetes only and both.
interventionsNone. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Primary outcomes included CKD prevalence, incidence, number-needed-to-screen, KDIGO-based prognosis and annual kidney function decline. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for CKD, uncontrolled blood glucose, blood pressure and albuminuria.
resultsA total of 1263 participants were enrolled: 51% had hypertension, 17.6% diabetes and 31.4% both. Mean age: 57.1±10.2 years, 72.2% female and 76% obese. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors were prescribed in 32.3%, and only 1.2% used insulin despite a median glycated haemoglobin of 7.5% (IQR: 6.5-9.1). CKD prevalence was 14.8%, with an incidence rate of 9.1 per 100 person-years; number-needed-to-screen was 7. Based on KDIGO criteria, 48.9% were at moderate-to-very high risk of adverse outcomes. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 80.9 (SE=10.1), declining by 4.7 (SE=9.9) mL/min/1.73 m
conclusionsCKD burden is high among people with diabetes and hypertension. Nearly half were at elevated risk despite preserved kidney function, highlighting the need for targeted early screening.
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