Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41124671›Full record

ReviewChemical reviews2026

Enhanced Sampling in the Age of Machine Learning: Algorithms and Applications.

Kai Zhu, Enrico Trizio, Jintu Zhang, Renling Hu, Linlong Jiang, Tingjun Hou, Luigi Bonati

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Chemical reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
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  8. AI-Physics-Experiment Trinity for Integrated Protein Dynamics Modeling.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Committors without Descriptors.Journal of chemical theory and computation · 2026
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Kai ZhuCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.ORCID 0009-0006-6621-5778
Enrico TrizioAtomistic Simulations, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16152, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2042-0232
Jintu ZhangCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.ORCID 0000-0001-9580-3241
Renling HuCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
Linlong JiangCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.ORCID 0009-0005-6795-9034
Tingjun HouCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7227-2580
Luigi BonatiAtomistic Simulations, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16152, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-9118-6239

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations hold great promise for providing insight into the microscopic behavior of complex molecular systems. However, their effectiveness is often constrained by long timescales associated with rare events. Enhanced sampling methods have been developed to address these challenges, and recent years have seen a growing integration with machine learning techniques. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of how they are reshaping the field, with a particular focus on the data-driven construction of collective variables. Furthermore, these techniques have also improved biasing schemes and unlocked novel strategies via reinforcement learning and generative approaches. In addition to methodological advances, we highlight applications spanning different areas, such as biomolecular processes, ligand binding, catalytic reactions, and phase transitions. We conclude by outlining future directions aimed at enabling more automated strategies for rare-event sampling.

Identifiers

PMID41124671
PMCPMC12810258

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.