Determination of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Antineoplastic Agents in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices: An Overview of Recent Analytical Techniques.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), widely used in cancer therapy, comprise diverse classes of therapeutic agents such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, and targeted therapies. Due to their therapeutic significance and toxic effects, accurate determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids, and environmental matrices is crucial. However, challenges arise from their complex structures and matrix interferences. This review highlights recent advancements in analytical techniques for TKIs, focusing on liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, spectroscopic methods, and electrochemical methods employed over the last decade. Innovations in sample preparation, including solid-phase extraction and molecularly imprinted polymers, have led to improved sensitivity and selectivity. Advanced detection systems like mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensors, and fluorescence techniques are emphasized for trace-level analysis and real-time monitoring. Key challenges, including green method development, matrix effect minimization, and method robustness, are discussed. To overcome these challenges, future directions should include the use of nanomaterials, microfluidic devices, and machine learning to enhance analytical efficiency. This review provides insights into emerging strategies for precise TKIs, supporting therapeutic monitoring, environmental safety, and analytical advancements.