ArticlePloS one2025
Facial expression recognition reveals students' engagement in online class: Correlations with six engagement measurements.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Artificial intelligence analysis of facial movements and satisfaction in online medical lectures: a cross-sectional study.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Temporal dynamics of students' physiological arousal in personalized learning contexts: a quasi-experimental study based on electrodermal activity.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
Student engagement assessment in online learning faces critical limitations: traditional methods fail to capture engagement's dynamic, multidimensional nature, particularly in second language (L2) contexts where emotional factors are paramount. This study introduces a novel multi-method framework that combines real-time facial expression recognition with dynamic self-reporting and observational measures to provide comprehensive, temporally-sensitive engagement assessment in synchronous online classrooms. Through analyzing a focused sample of Chinese L2 learners, we examined correlations between automatically detected happiness expressions and six established engagement measurements across both static and dynamic scales. Results revealed a significant and robust correlation between happiness expressions and self-reported emotional engagement, representing the study's primary validated finding. Additional correlations were found with specific mood indicators (happy and loving items). However, no significant correlations were observed with behavioral engagement, cognitive engagement, or flow experience. The facial expression recognition successfully captured dynamic engagement fluctuations, showing modest but significant correlations with both retrospective self-reports and classroom observations. Our findings demonstrate that facial expressions serve as valuable indicators of specific engagement dimensions in online L2 learning, offering a targeted tool for emotional engagement assessment within comprehensive, multi-method evaluation frameworks in digital education.
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