ArticlePloS one2025
A hybrid dense convolutional network and fuzzy inference system for pneumonia diagnosis with dynamic symptom tracking.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multimodal deep feature fusion with transformer for brain tumor classification from magnetic resonance imaging.Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPneumonia is a major cause of mortality among children under five and adults over 65, especially in low-resource settings where access to skilled radiologists is limited. Accurate and early diagnosis is essential, but is often hindered by subjective interpretation and variability in its symptoms.
objectivesThis study aims to develop a hybrid Artificial Intelligence (AI) based pneumonia diagnosis system that integrates Deep Learning (DL) confidence scores, DenseNet201 with Capsule Network (CapsNet), Mamdani-style fuzzy inference, and a dynamic symptom adjustment mechanism to enhance diagnostic accuracy, transparency, and clinical usability.
methodsThe system was evaluated using 17,229 labelled chest X-ray images across multiple cross-validation techniques: Stratified, k-fold, Bootstrap, and Monte Carlo methods, each with five dataset iterations or folds. DenseNet was used to extract spatial features, while CapsNet preserved spatial orientation and hierarchical relationships. A DL based confidence score was generated and used as a fuzzy membership input to support classification in borderline cases, where severity scores were nearly tied, and the confidence score guided the final decision. A dynamic adjustment algorithm further refined symptom severity by incorporating recent trends in patient data.
resultsThe DenseNet201 + CapsNet architecture achieved the highest performance in the 5th fold of stratified cross-validation, with a test accuracy of 99.01%. The model also demonstrated strong generalization, with a weighted precision, recall and F1-score of 0.9878, 0.9874, and 0.9876, respectively, across all classes. The paired t-test confirmed that the CapsNet-based approach outperformed traditional fully connected layers, and the fuzzy logic system effectively handled ambiguous cases using DL confidence. The dynamic membership mechanism showed strong adaptability for real-time symptom tracking.
conclusionThis hybrid model offers a robust, interpretable, and clinically relevant decision-support tool for pneumonia diagnosis. It bridges high-performance AI with real-world medical decision-making, especially in settings with limited radiological expertise.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.