ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2025
Global burden and trends of chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by dietary risks: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: The burden of dietary risk-induced diseases, including chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by dietary risks (CKD-T2DM-DR), has been consistently underestimated. This study aims to investigate the burden of CKD-T2DM-DR from 1990 to 2021 globally and regionally. Methods: The global burden of disease (GBD) database served as the data source for analyzing the mortality, agestandardized mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age standardized DALY rate (ASDR), and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of CKD-T2DM-DR worldwide from 1990 to 2021. Subsequently, the ASMR, ASDR, and EAPC were further evaluated in different regions, age, gender, and socio-demographic index (SDI) groups. Finally, the burden of CKD-T2DM-DR induced by different dietary risks was reported and compared. Results: Globally, the mortality, ASMR, DALYs, and ASDR of CKD-T2DM-DR were on the rise from 1990 to 2021. The global mortality of CKD-T2DM-DR in 2021 was 79,988 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 32,734-128,884), ASMR was 0.96 (95% UI 0.4-1.54) per 100,000 population, DALYs were 1,999,209 (95% UI 856,194-3,167,215), and ASDR was 23.21 (95% UI 9.95-36.61) per 100,000 population. Regionally, low SDI regions exhibited the highest ASDR (27.41 [95% UI 11.32-46.78] per 100,000 population) and ASMR (1.16 [95% UI 0.44-2.02] per 100,000 population), whereas high-middle SDI regions recorded the lowest ASDR (14.7 [95% UI 5.96-23.77] per 100,000 population) and ASMR (0.59 [95% UI 0.24-0.97] per 100,000 population). High SDI regions presented a rapid increase in ASDR and ASMR, with EAPCs of 1.02 (95% CI 0.86-1.19) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.23-1.58), respectively. The correlation analysis supported that ASDR and ASMR were negatively associated with SDI. Additionally, the global burden of CKD-T2DM-DR increased with age and was higher in men than in women. Among the seven associated dietary risks, the DALY and death percents of CKD-T2DM caused by diet low in fruit were the highest, at 4.57% and 4.31%, respectively. Conclusion: The global burden of CKD-T2DM-DR has been steadily increasing with significant regional variability. Low SDI regions are most severely affected by this challenge, while high SDI regions are experiencing a rapid increase in the burden. The diet low in fruit was identified as the primary dietary risk for CKD-T2DM. This highlights the urgent need for rapid growth in the targeted prevention and health care strategies to alleviate the global burden of CKD-T2DM-DR.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.