ArticleRSC advances2025
3D printing of hydrogels: a synergistic approach of rheology and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling.
Article in RSC advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Task-specific computational fluid dynamics evaluation of multi-outlet extrusion nozzles for bioprinting.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The development of printable hydrogel inks with optimized rheological properties is critical for advancing extrusion-based 3D printing. In this study, we present a systematic investigation of kappa-carrageenan (κCG) hydrogel inks formulated with and without 10 mM KCl and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to assess their printability, flow behavior, and structural performance. All formulations exhibited shear-thinning behavior, characterized using the Power Law model, while stress sweep measurements provided insights into viscoelastic moduli and yield stress. Inks without KCl displayed smooth flow and superior single-layer printability but lacked multi-layer stability, while KCl-crosslinked inks showed enhanced mechanical stability and structural retention in multi-layer constructs. The ink containing both KCl and AuNPs demonstrated the best results in multi-layer printing, combining the mechanical stability imparted by KCl with enhanced shear-thinning behavior from AuNPs. CFD simulations using ANSYS fluent were employed to estimate extrusion pressures and visualize shear rate distributions within the syringe-nozzle geometry. Using CFD results, the thixotropic protocol was modified to reflect actual shear conditions during printing. Inks without KCl showed high viscosity recovery, while those with KCl exhibited lower values, likely due to sample slippage at high shear. Despite this, KCl-containing inks showed excellent multi-layer printability, indicating effective structural recovery. Complementary FTIR, XRD, thermal, and FESEM analyses validated structural and morphological features of inks. This integrated experimental-CFD framework offers a predictive approach to understand hydrogel ink behavior, highlighting the interplay between formulation, flow properties, and print performance. The findings provide a foundation for next-generation bioinks for tissue engineering and soft material applications.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.