ArticleCurrent medical mycology2025
Formulation, characterization, and
Article in Current medical mycology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
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Abstract
Background and Purpose: Fungal infections necessitate advanced delivery systems to improve antifungal therapy. Terbinafine, a potent allylamine antifungal, faces clinical limitations due to poor solubility, low bioavailability, and toxicity. Liposomal encapsulation addresses these challenges by enhancing solubility, enabling controlled release, and reducing toxicity. In this study, a scalable ethanol injection method was used to develop terbinafine-loaded liposomes with optimized physicochemical properties. This study aimed to focus on central nervous system-targeted delivery to combat resistant fungal infections while minimizing systemic toxicity. Materials and Methods: Twenty liposomal formulations were prepared using phospholipids (e.g., dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine [DPPC], hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine) and characterized for size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and morphology via dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Encapsulation efficiency, drug release kinetics, colloidal stability (3 months), and cytotoxicity (human foreskin fibroblast 2 cells, 48-hour exposure) were evaluated. The M38-A2 method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute was used to calculate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 azole-susceptible and -resistant Results: Liposomes exhibited sizes of 72-174 nm, zeta potentials between +2 and -15 mV, and a low polydispersity index (<0.3). Moreover, F12 (DPPC-based) demonstrated superior cumulative release, compared to F20, and attributed to the fluid bilayer of DPPC. Both formulations retained stability during storage. Cytotoxicity assays revealed minimal toxicity for free terbinafine (14.73% at 25 mg/mL) and significantly reduced toxicity for liposomal forms (6.77% for F12, Conclusion: Based on the results, F12, with its sub-100 nm size, sustained release, and reduced cytotoxicity, emerged as a promising candidate for brain-targeted antifungal therapy. Its stability and high encapsulation efficiency support further evaluation in fungal isolates and
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