Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41121642›Full record

ReviewAnatomical sciences education2026

A global overview of anatomical science education and its present and future role in biomedical curricula.

Michael Hortsch, Virginia Claudia Carneiro Girão-Carmona, Ana Caroline Rocha de Melo Leite, Ilias P Nikas, Margaret K Gatumu, Nii Koney-Kwaku Koney, Benjamin Arko-Boham, Doris George Yohannan, Aswathy Maria Oommen, Yan Li and 4 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Anatomical sciences education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Michael HortschDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-737X
Virginia Claudia Carneiro Girão-CarmonaDepartment of Morphology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-8585
Ana Caroline Rocha de Melo LeiteUniversity of International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9007-7970
Ilias P NikasMedical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-2556
Margaret K GatumuBrunel Medical School, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4905-0266
Nii Koney-Kwaku KoneyDepartment of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1441-9262
Benjamin Arko-BohamDepartment of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-2186
Doris George YohannanDepartment of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-6164
Aswathy Maria OommenDepartment of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Idukki, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2487-0217
Yan LiDepartment of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-0487
Jian YangSchool of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8973-148X
Alexandra F TrollopeDiscipline of Anatomy and Pathology, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5349-7952
Amanda J MeyerDiscipline of Anatomy and Pathology, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-6040
Sonya E Van NulandDepartment of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-3539

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The four main anatomical sciences, gross anatomy, histology, neuroanatomy, and embryology, are fundamental subjects for most health professionals and biomedical students. Usually taught as part of preclinical basic science training, the anatomical sciences provide a structural understanding of human or animal bodies at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. This overview characterizes how the anatomical sciences are currently taught around the globe, highlighting similarities, differences, and recent curricular transformations that were partially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, educators of the anatomical sciences navigate similar pressures, including expectations of curricular integration and reduced time for anatomical teaching. Student-centered teaching approaches and e-learning technologies have been adopted across many regions, transforming how educators engage their learners. However, not all educators are provided with technological resources to facilitate such educational advancements, particularly in regions where economic inequality and poor infrastructure hinder access to the internet. Though ethical standards guiding the procurement of human bodies have evolved over time, the sources of human bodies that academic institutions use for anatomy education vary widely. Specific regional issues complicate many aspects of anatomical science education, challenging educators to adopt novel teaching approaches. Despite some differences, every global region appears to be moving in a similar direction. However, where academic institutions fall on that trajectory differs for specific regions/countries. How these educational and technological changes influence anatomy education should be carefully considered for the strengths and weaknesses they provide and the opportunities and threats they bring.

Indexed as

AnatomyCurriculumCOVID-19Education, DistanceHumansSARS-CoV-2basic sciencescell biologydevelopmental biologyeducationembryologygross anatomyhistologyneuroanatomy

Identifiers

PMID41121642
PMCPMC12748053

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.