Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41121479›Full record

ReviewCurrent medicinal chemistry2026

Addressing Unmet Needs in

Ankit Sahoo, Janhvi Singh, Kainat Alam, Nabil K Alruwaili, Alhussain Aodah, Waleed H Almalki, Salem Salman Almujri, Majed Alrobaian, Md Abul Barkat, Tanuja Singh and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Current medicinal chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Ankit SahooDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Janhvi SinghThelansis Knowledge Partners, Block C, Sushant Lok Phase I, Kanahi, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
Kainat AlamCollege of Nursing, KKECS Group of Institutions, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Nabil K AlruwailiDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia.
Alhussain AodahCollege of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
Waleed H AlmalkiDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Salem Salman AlmujriDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir-Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia.
Majed AlrobaianDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Md Abul BarkatDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Al Jamiah, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia.
Tanuja SinghCentre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India.
Jonathan A LalDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Mahfoozur RahmanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a serious global health concern characterized by toxin-induced colonic damage, ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening conditions. Despite improved diagnostics and treatments, recurrence rates of up to 30% underscore persistent gaps in effective disease management.

methodsCDI pathogenesis is driven by the disruption of the gut microbiota, often due to broad- -spectrum antibiotic use. Risk factors such as advanced age, hospitalization, IBD, and immunosuppression increase the severity and recurrence of the infection. The hypervirulent ribotype 027 strain has been associated with increased mortality and treatment resistance, necessitating targeted therapies.

resultsEmerging treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies show promise for CDI management, with FDA approvals marking progress in microbiome restoration. However, hurdles remain in safety, regulation, and donor screening. Advances in diagnostic and scoring tools have aided in the detection and treatment, but differentiating between colonization and infection remains a challenge. Preventive measures and novel agents such as bacteriocins and bacteriophages offer targeted, microbiome-sparing strategies. DISCUSSION: Despite recent advances, CDI management remains challenging because of diagnostic uncertainty and frequent recurrences. Innovative treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies are promising but face limitations in safety, access, and cost. Preventive strategies and decision tools help, yet distinguishing colonization from infection remains difficult, underscoring the need for ongoing and multidisciplinary innovation.

conclusionThis review highlights current approaches to CDI diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, stressing the urgent need for innovative strategies to reduce recurrence. Targeted research and policy efforts are vital to improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected.

Indexed as

Clostridioides difficileClostridium InfectionsAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntibodies, MonoclonalFecal Microbiota TransplantationHumansAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntibodies, MonoclonalantibioticsClostridium difficilecolonizationdiarrheainfectionrecurrencetoxins preventionunmet needvaccine

Identifiers

PMID41121479

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.