ReviewNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026
Biological sex differences in pharmacokinetics and adverse drug reactions.
Review in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Physician-patient sex dyads and management of dyslipidaemia and hypertension in primary care: findings from two population-based studies.European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes · 2026Observational
- Aortic valve stenosis serum IGFBP2 mediates female-specific Evogliptin resistance in valve myofibroblasts.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Coronary Artery Disease in Women: Sex-Specific Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation and Management.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- The Impact of Sex on the Dysfunction of Endogenous Pain Control after Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2026Article
- CYP2D6 Metabolizer Phenotype Is Associated with Early Antidepressant Discontinuation in the UK Biobank.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Synaptic Plasticity-Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Model-Based Virtual Clinical Trial Reveals Renal Impairment and Body Size as Key Determinants of Pharmacokinetic Variability and Drug-Drug Interaction Risk in Propranolol Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Sex-based differences in the NRF2 oxidative stress response: Implications for precision therapeutics.Redox biology · 2026Review
- Medication adherence in adolescents: physiological, psychosocial, and clinical perspectives.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in the disposition of cannabidiol and its metabolites in mice.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Psychotropic Drug Exposure and Safety: A Systematic Review Toward Personalized Dosing Strategies.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Identifying Sex Differences in Adverse Events Reported on Opioid Drugs in the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of Reporter Type on Signal Detection of Cancer Therapy-Induced Alopecia: A Hypothesis-Generating Study Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A 24-year pharmacovigilance study on sex differences in adverse drug reactions to antidepressant drugs.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Observational
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The Real-World Safety Profile of Temazepam: A 20-Year Pharmacovigilance Analysis Based on the Large-Scale FAERS Database.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Continuous multidimensional physiological monitoring redefines early warning and preemptive treatment for neutropenic sepsis following cisplatin chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex-specific adverse event profiles of PDE4 inhibitors: a comparative big-data pharmacovigilance study of apremilast, crisaborole, and roflumilast in FAERS (2004-2025).Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Detection of adverse event signals associated with key immunosuppressants for autoimmune hepatitis: insights from the food and drug administration adverse event reporting system database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although physiological and hormonal differences between males and females can significantly alter drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), most current pharmacotherapeutic guidelines remain sex neutral. The chapter aims to elucidate biological sex-specific factors across all pharmacokinetic (PK) phases, subsequent therapeutic efficacy, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and to highlight implications for individualized therapy including within-woman variation across the menstrual cycle and other hormonal states. This work is based on an extensive review of current literature and clinical data examining sex-specific variations across all phases of pharmacokinetics. Significant biological sex-related differences were found among all PK phases. Females tend to have slower gastric emptying, higher body fat composition, and lower glomerular filtration rates. CYP3A4 is typically more active in females, while CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 show greater activity in males. In females, endogenous or exogenous hormonal fluctuation can slightly affect gastric motility, protein binding, and selected CYP activities altering clearance for susceptible drugs. In addition, pregnancy increases plasma volume and glomerular filtration with predictable effects on renally cleared drugs and selected hepatic pathways. These differences influence drug half-life, systemic exposure, and the risk of ADRs. Biological sex is a significant determinant of drug pharmacokinetics. Integrating biological sex-specific data into clinical guidelines is essential to optimize drug efficacy and minimize ADRs. Future research and regulatory action should promote biological sex aware pharmacological practices, encouraging routine inclusion of biological sex analyses in clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.