ArticleInfection control and hospital epidemiology2026
Clinical factors and diagnoses associated with inappropriate urine culture ordering in primary care.
Article in Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveEvaluate the prevalence and risk factors for inappropriately ordered urine cultures in primary care.
designCross-sectional study using chart reviews.
settingTwo primary care, safety-net clinics in Houston, Texas. PATIENTS: Non-pregnant adults without a urinary catheter who had a urine culture and a primary care visit between 11/2018 and 3/2020.
methodsWe classified patients lacking physician documentation of the following symptoms as having an inappropriately ordered urine culture: dysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria, fever, chills, costovertebral angle tenderness, nephrolithiasis, and pain (suprapubic, pelvic, or flank). We extracted patient demographics, visit-related diagnostic codes, past medical history, and urine culture results. Diagnostic codes were grouped based on body system, visit type (e.g. routine visit), or sign or symptom clusters. We evaluated the relationship between these factors and inappropriately ordered cultures using generalized estimating equations logistic regression.
resultsWe included 807 patients who had 870 visits. Most patients were Hispanic (66.3%) or African American/Black (24.8%) females (76.1%) with a median age of 50 years. Among 870 cultures, 210 (24%) were ordered inappropriately. We found having an abnormal urinalysis or urine characteristic (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 13.66), acute low back pain (aOR: 4.88), a cardiovascular-related (aOR: 1.68) or gynecological/family planning visit (aOR: 10.84), being evaluated at the non-teaching clinic (aOR: 6.03), or having a routine health visit (aOR: 1.81) within the non-teaching clinic (interaction aOR: 4.27) were significantly associated with inappropriate urine cultures.
conclusionsOur study revealed factors associated with inappropriately ordered urine cultures that may be unique to ambulatory settings and can help design outpatient diagnostic stewardship interventions.
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