Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41114904›Full record

ArticleJournal of epidemiology and global health2025

Assessing Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Food Delivery Workers by Using Exhaled Air with Consideration of Smoking Habits.

Kun-Hua Li, Ya-Yun Cheng, Shih-Chieh Huang, Chi-An Chen, Jhih-Yuan Lu, Zih-Ting Chao, Yen-Cheng Tseng, How-Ran Guo

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of epidemiology and global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Kun-Hua LiDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Ya-Yun ChengSchool of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Shih-Chieh HuangDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Chi-An ChenDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Jhih-Yuan LuDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Zih-Ting ChaoDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Yen-Cheng TsengDepartment of Tourism, Food & Beverage Management, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
How-Ran GuoDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. hrguo@mail.ncku.edu.tw.

Funding

National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan MOST 111-2314-B-006-044
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe number of food delivery workers engaging in online food delivery (OFD) services has soared recently. While they are exposed to air pollutants from traffic exhaust frequently, their exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) is seldom assessed. This study aimed to assess the CO exposure of food delivery workers using exhaled air with consideration of smoking habits.

methodsWe recruited food delivery workers from OFD services and compared their CO concentrations in exhaled air with those of a reference group. In addition, we used a questionnaire to gather data on sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, health status, and work-related conditions.

resultsWe enrolled 156 food delivery workers and a reference group of 49 members. The results showed that food delivery workers had a higher mean CO concentration in exhaled air (4.79 ppm vs. 1.51 ppm, p < 0.001) as well as a higher proportion of smokers (25.0% vs. 4.1%, p < 0.001). While food delivery workers with smoking habits had a much higher mean CO concentration in exhaled air than those without smoking habits (14.46 ppm vs. 1.57 ppm, p < 0.001), amongst non-smokers, the CO concentration was still higher in food delivery workers than in the reference group (1.57 ppm vs. 1.13 ppm, p = 0.002). Among smokers, smoking might contribute 89% of the CO in exhaled air.

conclusionsFood delivery workers had higher CO concentrations in exhaled air than the reference group, indicating higher exposure levels. Smoking is an important contributing factor when using exhaled air for CO exposure assessment.

Indexed as

Air Pollutants, OccupationalCarbon MonoxideOccupational ExposureSmokingAdultBreath TestsEnvironmental MonitoringFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedAir Pollutants, OccupationalCarbon MonoxideCarbon monoxideExhaled airFood delivery workerOccupational exposureOnline food delivery serviceTraffic emission

Identifiers

PMID41114904
PMCPMC12537629

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.