ArticleCureus2025
Echocardiographic Findings in Infants of Diabetic Mothers.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-established risk factor for congenital heart disease (CHD) in neonates. Despite advances in perinatal care, infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) remain at increased risk for both structural lesions and functional cardiac changes. Objective To determine the prevalence and spectrum of echocardiographic abnormalities in neonates of diabetic mothers and compare them with matched controls. Methods A retrospective analytical study was conducted at King Fahad Hospital, Al Baha, from January 2024 to June 2025. Two hundred neonates (100 IDMs, 100 controls) underwent standardized echocardiographic assessment within the first week of life. Maternal and neonatal data were reviewed, and statistical analyses were performed to assess associations with clinical variables. Results Pathological CHDs were detected in 24% of IDMs, most commonly ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Transitional findings such as patent foramen ovale and small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), considered physiological at this age, were present in 64%, while only 12% had completely normal echocardiograms. Lower birth weight-for-gestational-age was significantly associated with CHD (
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