Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis of Bridging-Induced Phase Separation Mediated by SMC Proteins.

Sara Illodo, Hyeong Ku Kim, Je-Kyung Ryu

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Article in Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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Authors and funding

3 authors.

Sara IllodoDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.

Hyeong Ku KimDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. januin@snu.ac.kr.

Je-Kyung RyuDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. prof.love@snu.ac.kr.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) protein is essential for chromosomal architecture and genome stability across all domains of life. SMC proteins, including cohesin, condensin, and the Smc5/6 complex, are known to organize chromosomes through DNA loop extrusion. However, recent atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies showed ATP-independent DNA-bridging-dependent cohesin/DNA condensate formation, suggesting bridging-induced phase separation (BIPS) for genome organization. Here, we present a comprehensive protocol for AFM image acquisition and data analysis to explore the BIPS induced by cohesin SMC complexes. Since the BIPS mechanism can potentially apply to other multivalent DNA-binding proteins involved in DNA/protein condensate formation, this protocol provides valuable insights into the molecular basis of DNA/protein co-condensation.

Indexed as

Cell Cycle ProteinsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneMicroscopy, Atomic ForceAdenosine TriphosphatasesCohesinsDNADNA-Binding ProteinsMultiprotein ComplexesPhase SeparationAdenosine TriphosphatasesCell Cycle ProteinsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneCohesinscondensin complexesDNADNA-Binding ProteinsMultiprotein ComplexesAFMBridging-induced phase separation (BIPS)CohesinDNA-cohesin clusterStructural maintenance of chromosome (SMC)

Identifiers

PMID41111103

DOI10.3390/nano8100807

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.