ArticleMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2026
Analyzing the 'Bradykinesia Complex' in Parkinson's Disease.
Article in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Orofacial Drinking Tremor: A Case Series and Literature Review.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Review
- Driving motor cortex oscillations restores plasticity and improves bradykinesia features in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Is There a Relationship Between Movement and Sleep Disturbances in Essential Tremor?Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Computer Vision Analysis for Objective Motor Assessment in Parkinson's Disease: A Retrospective Study.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Automated video analysis for early detection of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Shopping bag tremor: insights from kinematic analysis.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2026Article
- Analyzing the 'bradykinesia complex' in GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease: A series of three cases.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBradykinesia is the hallmark sign of parkinsonism. We recently proposed redefining bradykinesia as a complex of motor abnormalities, each reflecting separate pathophysiological elements.
objectiveTo analyze the 'bradykinesia complex' in Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy elderly individuals.
methodsWe conducted a finger-tapping kinematic analysis in 350 individuals (192 PD patients OFF medication and 158 healthy controls). A subsample of 129 patients was also tested ON medication. Group comparisons were followed by unsupervised clustering. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses defined optimal kinematic cut-offs to detect individual motor abnormalities. We then quantified the prevalence and combinations of these features per subject. Using Bayes' theorem, we estimated the probability of PD based on the observed combination of bradykinesia features. Regression analyses served to identify predictors of kinematic alterations.
resultsPatients exhibited reduced velocity and amplitude as well as altered rhythm and sequence effect compared with controls (all P-values < 0.001). Cluster analysis revealed substantial group overlap. ROC analyses showed that bradykinesia (movement slowness) was the most common and accurate feature for distinguishing PD, with its diagnostic power improving when combined with other motor abnormalities (hypokinesia, dysrhythmia, sequence effect). The likelihood of correctly identifying PD increased with the number of observed abnormalities, reaching up to 95% when all features were present. Levodopa improved motor performance, but the motor abnormality patterns remained unchanged.
conclusionsThe detailed bradykinesia features assessment was crucial for differentiating PD individuals from controls. Diagnostic accuracy requires considering multiple motor abnormalities together, irrespective of the specific combination. Advancing our understanding of the 'bradykinesia complex' has clinical and pathophysiological implications. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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