Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41103094›Full record

ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2026

When Missing Out Matters: Associations Between Social Activity Restriction and Caregiver Burden.

Mara Rosenberg, Irena Cenzer, Kenneth Covinsky, Alexander K Smith, Ashwin A Kotwal

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Mara RosenbergDivision of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6400-3161
Irena CenzerDivision of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5839-1070
Kenneth CovinskyDivision of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Alexander K SmithDivision of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Ashwin A KotwalDivision of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6137-8512

Funding

VARC CoreP30AG044281 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Louise C. Walter · 2013 to 2026
$19.9M
Unnecessary and Harmful Medication Use in Older Adults with DementiaP01AG066605 · NIA · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI R. Sean Morrison · 2020 to 2026
$17.7M
RESEARCH TRAINING IN GERIATRIC MEDICINET32AG000212 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Alexander Keliimoeanu Smith · 1991 to 2026
$7.7M
Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older Adults with and without Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia in the Last Years of LifeK23AG065438 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI KOTWAL, ASHWIN AJIT · 2020 to 2024
$809k
NIA NIH HHS K23 AG065438NIA NIH HHS K23AG065438NIA NIH HHS K24AG06831NIA NIH HHS P01AG066605NIA NIH HHS P30AG044281NIA NIH HHS T32 AG000212NIA NIH HHS T32-AG000212
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSocial engagement is crucial for well-being, yet caregivers often face restrictions due to care responsibilities. The caregiver-specific consequences of these restrictions are underexplored.

methodsWe used cross-sectional data from the National Study of Caregiving (2021), a nationally representative study of 1619 unpaid caregivers of adults aged 65 years and older. Caregivers reported if care responsibilities kept them from participating in four social activities (visiting friends/family, attending religious services, going out for enjoyment, and attending group activities). Caregiver burden (emotional, physical, and/or financial) was self-reported. "Any" burden was defined as reporting at least one of the three types of burden. We performed survey-weighted, multivariable logistic regression to determine the adjusted probability of caregiver burden based on social activity participation.

resultsCaregivers were on average 62.5 (SD 22) years old, 65% female, 53% children of the care recipient, and 73% White. 43% reported at least one form of caregiving burden: 35% emotional, 17% physical, and 9% financial. Caregivers had higher adjusted probabilities of "any" caregiving burden (p < 0.001) if they were kept from going out (88% vs. 62%), visiting family/friends (86% vs. 55%), or engaging in group activities (88% vs. 61%). For missed religious activities, caregivers primarily reported higher burden if they rated the missed activities as "important" versus "unimportant" (Any burden: 85% vs. 57%; Emotional burden: 74% vs. 45%; Physical burden: 65% vs. 29%, p < 0.05). Importance was not significant for other activities. There was a step-wise association between the number of missed activities and any reported burden (0 activities missed: 54%, 1 activity: 77%, 2+ activities: 91%, p < 0.01).

conclusionsRestriction from social activities was associated with higher caregiver burden, with the impact of missing religious activities influenced by its importance to the caregiver. These findings emphasize the need for tailored interventions to help caregivers maintain social engagement despite care responsibilities.

Indexed as

Caregiver BurdenCaregiversCost of IllnessSocial ParticipationAgedAged, 80 and overCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSurveys and Questionnairescaregiver burdencaregivingdementiasocial engagement

Identifiers

PMID41103094
PMCPMC12925420

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.