ArticleMalaria journal2025
A new assay for molecular identification of Anopheles squamosus (Diptera: Culicidae) using internal transcribed spacer 2.
Article in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnopheles squamosus is a widespread mosquito species in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a potential vector for human malaria parasites and has been found naturally infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Morphological identification is challenging even with pristine specimens and current molecular methods such as the use of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cannot distinguish An. squamosus from morphologically similar Anopheles species. Described in the following methods is the development and validation of a new PCR assay that will reliably identify An. squamosus.
methodsMultiple alignments of previously published ITS2 contig sequences in NCBI from An. squamosus and An. species 11 and 15, were used to identify candidate ITS2 regions for primer design. Six sets of primers were evaluated overall for specificity of species identification. The one set with An. squamosus species-specific amplification was tested using 78 specimens morphologically identified from Zambia and South Africa.
resultsA new assay consisting of a forward (ITS2-ASQ-R10, 5'-CCC TCG AAG GGT GCT GTG-3') and reverse (ITS2-ASQ-R10 5'-AAT CCA CGG TGT GAT GGC-3') primer reliably (> 94.9%) amplified an ITS2 fragment of 301 bp length for An. squamosus. The An. squamosus-specific primer set can be multiplexed with existing ITS2 assays frequently used for anopheline species identification.
conclusionsThe development of this robust PCR assay for An. squamosus is vital to accurate identification of this species in malaria vector surveillance efforts. Improved understanding of the anopheline community composition will lead to better targeted methods of vector eradication and malaria prevention. To further the validation of this ITS2 PCR assay, more species of Anopheles should be compared in addition to An. squamosus collected in different regions. To refine and optimize the PCR process with these primers, touchdown PCR can be used to increase specificity. Applying genomic tools to correctly identify An. squamosus will allow for a better understanding of their role in malaria transmission and may lead to genomic insights into what influences their behaviour, thus leading to new innovations in malaria elimination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.