ArticleScientific reports2025
Radix Scrophulariae regulates proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy of rat thyroid cells via the MST1/Hippo signaling pathway.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic effects of Radix Scrophulariae (RS) extract on hyperthyroidism and the associated mechanisms. A hyperthyroid cell model was established using thyrotropin receptor antibody and levothyroxine sodium tablets. FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells were treated with varying concentrations of RS-containing serum. Protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Caspase-3, PCNA, Cyclin D1, MST1, LC3-II/I, and ATG5 were assessed by Western blotting to determine the optimal concentration. Subsequent experiments included RS treatment with or without MST1 overexpression or the Hippo pathway inhibitor XMU-MP-1. Transmission electron microscopy was used to visualize secretory vesicles, and immunofluorescence analysis was performed to detect thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) expression. Protein levels of MST1, p-LATS1, p-YAP, PCNA, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, LC3-II/I, and ATG5 were further quantified by Western blotting. The hyperthyroid model exhibited elevated expression of TSHR, Bcl-2, PCNA, and Cyclin D1 (P < 0.05), and reduced levels of MST1, p-LATS1, p-YAP, Caspase-3, LC3-II/I, and ATG5 (P < 0.05). Secretory vesicles were rarely observed. Treatment with RS-containing serum significantly downregulated TSHR, Bcl-2, PCNA, and Cyclin D1 expression (P < 0.05), and upregulated MST1, p-LATS1, p-YAP, Caspase-3, LC3-II/I, and ATG5 (P < 0.05), with abundant bilayer membrane vesicles observed. The therapeutic effects of RS were attenuated by MST1 overexpression but were restored by co-treatment with XMU-MP-1 (P < 0.05). RS extract may attenuate hyperthyroidism by suppressing excessive thyroid cell proliferation, enhancing apoptosis and autophagy, and activating the MST1/Hippo signaling pathway in FRTL-5 cells.
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