Snakebite First Aid Knowledge and Practices in the Northern Border Region, Saudi Arabia: Insights from the Health Belief Model and COM-B Framework.

This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to snakebite first aid among residents of the Northern Border regoin and identify gaps for targeted interventions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1236 adults using a structured, self-administered questionnaire covering demographics, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and sources of information. Data were analyzed descriptively and interpreted through the Health Belief Model (HBM) and COM-B framework to identify behavioral determinants and inform public health recommendations. Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge, with 43.2% aware of correct first aid steps and 39.8% recognizing limb immobilization as the first action. Misconceptions such as venom suction, tourniquet application, and incision were endorsed by 41.7%. While 68.0% acknowledged the importance of first aid, only 43.7% felt confident in responding, and 25.2% had formal training. Social media (32.5%) and educational institutions (23.8%) were the main information sources. HBM analysis revealed moderate perceived severity, limited perceived susceptibility, low self-efficacy, and significant barriers due to misinformation and lack of training. COM-B analysis highlighted gaps in capability, opportunity, and motivation. To conclude, Despite moderate awareness, substantial misconceptions and low confidence persist among the Northern Border population population. Structured, culturally tailored interventions, including social media campaigns, practical workshops, school curricula integration, and system-level preparedness, are urgently needed to improve community readiness and reduce snakebite morbidity.