Preparation and Performance of 3D-Printed TiO

Xi Chen, Chenxi Zhang, Xiao Chen, Ningning Li

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

2citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

3D printing for sustainable water treatment: innovations, applications, and future perspectives.RSC advances · 2026
Review
Breaking Bad: Deagglomerating TiOACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Xi ChenSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.

Chenxi ZhangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.

Xiao ChenSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.

Ningning LiSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.ORCID 0009-0001-6445-447X

Funding

Henan Province Research-Oriented Teaching Reform Research and Practice Project Construction and Practice of a Dual-Wing, Multi-Element Research-Based Teaching Model for Cultivating Innovative Materials Science Talents

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study addresses critical bottlenecks in photocatalytic water treatment technologies, including difficulties in recovering traditional powdered catalysts, low mass transfer efficiency in immobilized reactors, and limited structural diversity. By integrating topology optimization with 3D printing technology, we designed and fabricated five types of triply periodic minimal surface photocatalytic reactors (TPMS-PCRs) with hierarchical porous structures-Fischer-Radin-Dunn (FRD), Neovius (N), Diamond (D), I-graph Wrapped Package (IWP) and Gyroid (G). Using fused deposition modeling (FDM), these TPMS configurations were manufactured from polylactic acid (PLA), 1.5 wt% TiO

Indexed as

photocatalytic reactorTiO2/PLA compositetriply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) model

Identifiers

PMID41097312

DOI10.3390/molecules30193891

PMCPMC12526380

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.