ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Thyroid Hormone T4 Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Enhancing Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ischemic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: Epidemiology, Molecular Pathways, and Emerging Therapies.MedComm · 2026Review
- TMetabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Glymphatic system impairment in neurological disorders: potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Beyond Hormone Levels: Thyroid Hormone Signaling from Neurogenesis to Alzheimer's Disease.Cells · 2026Review
- Endocrine Sequelae of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department: A 12-Month Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in increased permeability, neuronal loss, and cognitive dysfunction. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of thyroid hormone (T4) to reduce BBB dysfunction following moderate fluid percussion injury. T4 injection (intraperitoneal) after TBI restores the levels of pericytes and endothelial cells vital for BBB integrity, reduces edema by downregulating AQP-4 gene expression, and enhances levels of the tight junction protein ZO-1. T4 counteracts the TBI-related increase in MMP-9 and TLR-4, significantly reducing BBB permeability. Furthermore, T4 enhances the neuroprotective functions of astrocytes by promoting the activity of A2 astrocytes. Additionally, T4 treatment increases DHA levels (important for membrane integrity and function), stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, and leads to a notable improvement in spatial learning and memory retention. These findings suggest that T4 has significant potential to reduce vascular leakage and inflammation after TBI, thereby improving cognitive function and maintaining BBB integrity.
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Registered trials
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