ArticlePolymers2025
PVDF/Polypyrrole Composite Ultrafiltration Membrane with Enhanced Hydrophilicity, Permeability, and Antifouling Properties for Efficient Crude Oil Wastewater Separation.
Article in Polymers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Membrane Technologies for Microplastics Removal from Wastewater: Recent Progress, Fouling Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives.Membranes · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Coagulants and Polymers for Optimizing Wastewater Treatment and Acid Oil Extraction in a Poultry Processing Plant.Polymers · 2026Article
- Effects of Alkaline Cleaning Agents on the Filtration Performance and Aging of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes.Membranes · 2026Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The treatment of oily wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge, creating a demand for advanced separation technologies. Membrane technologies, especially ultrafiltration (UF), offer a promising solution. A novel composite polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polypyrrole (PPy) membrane was created via an in situ polymerization method, which enhances the membrane's functionality by combining the chemical stability of PVDF with the outstanding properties of PPy, through a simple two-step process that decreases manufacturing costs. The PPy content in the PVDF matrix varies from 0 to 1.5 wt%. The membranes were analyzed for their structure, morphology, hydrophilicity, porosity, mechanical strength, flux, oil rejection, and antifouling performance. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful integration of PPy, which increased hydrophilicity; the contact angle dropped from 68° for pure PVDF to 55.6° at a 1.5% PPy concentration. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed an evident increase in surface porosity and macrovoid formation; calculated porosity increased from 59.5% to 79.9%, and the hydraulic pore size increased from 2.8 nm to 28.5 nm with 1.5% PPy. Although porosity improved, mechanical strength decreased due to the formation of voids. The enhancement in hydrophilicity and porosity resulted in improved flux recovery (FR), with the PP-1 membrane achieving 93% FR and 93% fouling resistance (Rt), indicating an optimal balance for practical use. These modified membranes successfully reduce fouling, making them easier to clean in oil-water separation applications. PP-1 showed only a reduction in flux but maintained an oil rejection rate over 99%, demonstrating high stability. This combination of PVDF's durability and PPy's functionality makes a cost-effective, high-performance membrane that transforms oil/water separation processes for sustainable water security.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.