ArticlePolymers2025
Valorization of Tomato Stem Waste: Biochar as a Filler in Three-Dimensional Printed PLA Composites.
Article in Polymers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Valorization of Tomato Stems into Biochar for Efficient Adsorptive Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Biobased Polymers in Printed Electronics: From Renewable Resources to Functional Devices.Polymers · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study explores the valorization of tomato stem waste by converting it into biochar through slow pyrolysis and incorporating it into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. The objective was to improve the valorization and added value of tomato stem waste. Biochar derived from tomato stems was characterized for its physicochemical properties, revealing a high surface area and small particle size. PLA-based composite filaments with 5% and 7.5% biochar were manufactured via melt extrusion. The effects of biochar concentration and printing infill patterns (concentric and rectilinear) on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the 3D-printed composites were investigated. Results indicated that biochar slightly increased the glass transition temperature of PLA and improved the flexural properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the storage modulus was enhanced in the glassy region for composites with 5% biochar, suggesting improved stiffness. This research demonstrates the potential of using tomato stem-derived biochar as a sustainable filler in PLA composites, contributing to the circular economy and reducing environmental impact.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.