Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41096150›Full record

ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2025

Mimickers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Case Series and Literature Overview.

Kaj L Roest, A Liesbeth E Hak, Ester M M van Leeuwen, Godelieve J de Bree, Arjan J Kwakernaak

Abstract readCase Reports
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Kaj L RoestDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Center for Immunodeficiency and Immune Dysregulation Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
A Liesbeth E HakDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Center for Immunodeficiency and Immune Dysregulation Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ester M M van LeeuwenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Specialized Diagnostics and Research, Section Medical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Godelieve J de BreeDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Center for Immunodeficiency and Immune Dysregulation Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Arjan J KwakernaakDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Center for Immunodeficiency and Immune Dysregulation Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-5155-6581

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a broad and varied clinical presentation. In the absence of definite diagnostic criteria, establishing an SLE diagnosis remains challenging. This case series illustrates that other diseases, such as primary immunodeficiencies and monogenic interferonopathies, can closely mimic SLE, even in the presence of its typical serological markers. Recognizing these disease mimickers is crucial to avoid premature conclusions in clinical evaluation and to ensure the initiation of appropriate therapy. Especially in cases of atypical presentation, unusual disease progression, or resistance to standard therapy, alternative diagnoses should be considered. In this overview, we discuss the diagnostic approach for patients with SLE-like manifestations and provide a comprehensive review of diseases that may mimic SLE.

Indexed as

Aicardi–Goutières syndromeinborn errors of immunitymonogenic interferonopathyneuromyelitis optica spectrum diseaseprimary immunodeficiencySLE-mimicking diseasesystemic lupus erythematosus

Identifiers

PMID41096150
PMCPMC12525093

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.