ReviewMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Evaluation of Factors Affecting Fluoride Release from Fluoride Varnishes: A Systematic Review.
Review in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of Titanium Dioxide (TiOMaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tetracycline Enables Visualization of Remineralization Induced by Agents Penetrating Dental Enamel.Calcified tissue international · 2026Article
- Comparative effectiveness of remineralization agents on attachment-associated enamel demineralization in clear aligner patients: A 6-Month DIAGNOdent-Based controlled clinical trial.BMC oral health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionFluoride varnishes are widely used in caries prevention, but the rate and duration of fluoride ion release differ depending on material composition and environmental factors.
objectivesThis systematic review synthesized evidence from in vitro studies on human teeth to identify key factors influencing fluoride release.
methodsA systematic literature search was conducted in July 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using the terms "fluoride release" AND "varnish" in titles and abstracts. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, predefined eligibility criteria, and was structured according to the PICO framework. Of 484 retrieved records, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively.
resultsThe primary outcome was the magnitude and duration of fluoride release from varnishes. Most studies reported peak release within the first 24 h, followed by a marked decline, although some formulations (e.g., Clinpro XT and Duraphat) maintained more stable long-term release. Substantial methodological heterogeneity was observed across studies, including differences in sample type, storage medium, pH, temperature, and measurement protocols, which influenced fluoride release dynamics. Reported secondary outcomes included enamel remineralization, changes in surface properties, and antibacterial activity, with bioactive additives such as CPP-ACP and TCP enhancing preventive effects. Acidic conditions consistently increased fluoride release.
conclusionsThe magnitude and persistence of fluoride release from varnishes depend on both intrinsic material properties and external environmental conditions. Bioactive additives may prolong fluoride availability and provide additional preventive benefits.
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Registered trials
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