Tree Endotherapy: A Comprehensive Review of the Benefits and Drawbacks of Trunk Injection Treatments in Tree Care and Protection.

Tree endotherapy has risen to prominence in the field of precision agriculture as an innovative and sustainable method of tree care, being respectful of both environmental protection and consumer health needs. A comprehensive review of the state of the art of research in this field has made it possible to spotlight the main advantages of tree infusion, which has undergone significant progress in step with technological innovation and an increased understanding of tree anatomy and physiology. The major criticalities associated with this technique, as well as the biological and technical-operational obstacles that still hinder its wider use, are also highlighted. What emerges is an innovative and rapidly expanding technique in tree care, in both the cultivation and phytosanitary management of fruit and ornamental trees. Some of the strengths of the endotherapy technique, such as the next-to-no water consumption, the strong reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, the possibility of using biological control agents (BCAs) or other products of natural origin, the precision administration of the product inside the xylem of the tree, and the efficacy (20-90%) and persistence (1-2 years) of treatments, make it one of the cornerstones of sustainable tree protection at present. With a very low consumption of the "active ingredient", endotherapy has a negligible impact on the external environment, minimizing the drift and dispersal of the active ingredient and thus limiting the exposure of non-target organisms such as beneficial insects, birds, and wildlife. The large-scale application of the technique would therefore also help to achieve an important goal in "climate-smart agriculture", the saving of water resources, significantly contributing to climate change mitigation, especially in those areas of the planet where water is a precious resource.