Estimating Soil Moisture Content in Winter Wheat in Southern Xinjiang by Fusing UAV Texture Feature with Novel Three-Dimensional Texture Indexes.

Winter wheat is a major staple crop worldwide, and real-time monitoring of soil moisture content (SMC) is critical for yield security. Targeting the monitoring needs under arid conditions in southern Xinjiang, this study proposes a UAV multispectral-based SMC estimation method that constructs novel three-dimensional (3-D) texture indices. Field experiments were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons in Kunyu City, southern Xinjiang, China, with four irrigation and four fertilization levels. High-resolution multispectral imagery was acquired at the jointing stage using a UAV-mounted camera. From the imagery, conventional texture features were extracted, and six two-dimensional (2-D) and four 3-D texture indices were constructed. A correlation matrix approach was used to screen feature combinations significantly associated with SMC. Random forest (RF), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and back-propagation neural networks (BPNN) were then used to develop SMC models for three soil depths (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm). Results showed that estimation accuracy for the shallow layer (0-20 cm) was markedly higher than for the middle and deep layers. Under single-source input, using 3-D texture indices (Combination 3) with RF achieved the best shallow-layer performance (validation R