Network-Wide GIS Mapping of Cycling Vibration Comfort: From Methodology to Real-World Implementation.

Cycling-induced vibration significantly affects riding comfort, with road surface conditions and vehicle type identified as primary contributing factors. This study developed a vibration measurement system based on ISO 2631-1, and proposed a method for generating cycling comfort maps grounded in vibration severity levels. Field measurements on 30 campus roads in Nanchang, China, used a Mountain Bike, Shared E-bike, and Shared Bicycle. Triaxial acceleration data were collected to evaluate vibration exposure, and comfort levels were classified to produce spatially resolved maps. Results show the proposed system has strong stability and adaptability across urban environments. The maps effectively captured vibration intensity variations along road segments. Among the three vehicle types, Mountain Bikes showed the lowest vibration exposure, with approximately 90% of segments rated as comfortable. Shared E-bike exhibited moderate vibration levels, with 42% of segments deemed uncomfortable, while Shared Bicycles experienced the highest vibration, with 80% of routes potentially inducing discomfort and only 1% meeting comfort standards. This study offers a framework for objective acquisition and visualization of cycling vibration data. The developed system and mapping method provide tools for assessing vehicle vibration, guiding route selection, and offer potential value for road quality monitoring.