Benchmarking Lightweight YOLO Object Detectors for Real-Time Hygiene Compliance Monitoring.

Ensuring hygiene compliance in regulated environments-such as food processing facilities, hospitals, and public indoor spaces-requires reliable detection of personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, including gloves, face masks, and hairnets. Manual inspection is labor-intensive and unsuitable for continuous, real-time enforcement. This study benchmarks three lightweight object detection models-YOLOv8n, YOLOv10n, and YOLOv12n-for automated PPE compliance monitoring using a large curated dataset of over 31,000 annotated images. The dataset spans seven classes representing both compliant and non-compliant conditions: glove, no_glove, mask, no_mask, incorrect_mask, hairnet, and no_hairnet. All evaluations were conducted using both detection accuracy metrics (mAP@50, mAP@50-95, precision, recall) and deployment-relevant efficiency metrics (inference speed, model size, GFLOPs). Among the three models, YOLOv10n achieved the highest mAP@50 (85.7%) while maintaining competitive efficiency, indicating strong suitability for resource-constrained IoT-integrated deployments. YOLOv8n provided the highest localization accuracy at stricter thresholds (mAP@50-95), while YOLOv12n favored ultra-lightweight operation at the cost of reduced accuracy. The results provide practical guidance for selecting nano-scale detection models in real-time hygiene compliance systems and contribute a reproducible, deployment-aware evaluation framework for computer vision in hygiene-critical settings.