Stigma and silence: the menstrual taboo in Spain.

This study explores contemporary views on menstruation in Spain, focusing on stigma and the social dynamics shaping menstrual experiences. Based on a national cross-sectional survey with over 4,000 participants aged 14 and older, we used a mixed methods approach combining statistical analysis and thematic coding to examine both quantitative trends and personal narratives. Results show that menstruation remains moderately stigmatised. Perceptions of normalisation vary by gender, age, and reproductive stage, with post-menopausal women reporting the highest sense of societal acceptance. The strongest predictor of perceived normalisation was comfort discussing menstruation with cis-men, suggesting that challenging gendered silences may signal social change. Early practical education also contributed to greater comfort and normalisation later in life. Participants reported diverse experiences—from internalised shame to frustration with unrealistic media portrayals and persistent silence in mixed-gender settings. Discomfort was often linked to social reactions, such as disapproval from male peers or exaggerated responses to blood stains, which reinforced menstrual taboos. In contrast, some emphasised the positive impact of supportive environments and efforts to reject euphemisms and confront stigma. Findings highlight the enduring influence of gendered norms related to secrecy, cleanliness, and femininity. While some generational change was noted, menstrual stigma remains socially embedded and continues to shape attitudes and behaviours. Tackling this requires not only better education, but also broader cultural and structural shifts—including open, inclusive conversations that involve all genders.