Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41094330›Full record

ArticleClinical oral investigations2025

The intra-oral variation of salivary ions.

Joanita S van Santen, Zainab Assy, Marja L Laine, Arjan Vissink, Frans G M Kroese, Sarah Pringle, Floris J Bikker

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Sex-Specific Salivary Biochemical Composition in a Healthy Population.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Joanita S van SantenDepartment of Oral Biochemistry and Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, Amsterdam, 1081 LA, The Netherlands. j.s.van.santen@acta.nl.
Zainab AssyDepartment of Oral Biochemistry and Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, Amsterdam, 1081 LA, The Netherlands.
Marja L LaineDepartment of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, Amsterdam, 1081 LA, The Netherlands.
Arjan VissinkDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
Frans G M KroeseDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
Sarah PringleDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
Floris J BikkerDepartment of Oral Biochemistry and Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, Amsterdam, 1081 LA, The Netherlands.

Funding

Health~Holland R/011124.03.02ReumaNederland LLP-29
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesDry mouth etiologies, which often present as a combination of hyposalivation and xerostomia, are difficult to differentiate. Employing a combination of a location-based approach in the oral cavity and salivary ion measurement may resolve this differential diagnostic gap. In this light, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the concentrations of salivary sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, calcium, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, fluoride, sulphate and magnesium at 7 intra-oral locations in healthy subjects (N = 30).

methodsFirst, sterile foam tipped applicators were selected as the most suitable tool to take saliva samples from these areas. Ion levels were analyzed using a capillary electrophoresis system.

resultsAlmost every ion included showed a unique intra-oral distribution pattern across the selected regions. For example, the palate demonstrated the highest sodium concentration and in contrast, the floor of the mouth showed the lowest. The observed distribution patterns were consistent between individuals.

conclusionsLocal variations in salivary ion concentrations may be influenced by the positioning of the salivary glands and their associated ducts but could also relate to their function in the oral cavity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results from our healthy controls can form a reference for future studies and potentially for diagnostic purposes in clinical contexts.

Indexed as

IonsMouthSalivaAdultCross-Sectional StudiesElectrophoresis, CapillaryFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedIonsCapillary electrophoresisElectrolytesIonsSalivary compositionWhole saliva

Identifiers

PMID41094330
PMCPMC12528311

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.