Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41094226›Full record

ReviewNature protocols2026

Sonicated inks and focused-ultrasound writing enable deep-penetration acoustic volumetric printing.

Xiao Kuang, Qiangzhou Rong, Saud Belal, Nanchao Wang, Tri Vu, Abigail Herrera-Ruiz, Zebang Zhang, Yu Shrike Zhang, Junjie Yao

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature protocols, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Xiao Kuang *Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-1417
Qiangzhou Rong *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Saud BelalDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-3335-7725
Nanchao WangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-4145
Tri VuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Abigail Herrera-RuizDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Zebang ZhangDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Yu Shrike ZhangDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. yszhang@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-0808
Junjie YaoDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. junjie.yao@duke.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2381-706X

Funding

Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) R21EB025270Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) RF1NS115581
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Volumetric printing is an emerging additive manufacturing technique that builds 3D constructs with enhanced printing speed and surface quality by forgoing the stepwise ink renewal. Existing volumetric printing techniques almost exclusively rely on light energy to trigger photopolymerization in transparent inks, limiting the material choice, build size, cell density and in vivo printability. Sonicated ink (or sono-ink) and focused-ultrasound (FUS) writing have been developed for deep-penetration acoustic volumetric printing (DAVP) within optically scattering media and beneath soft tissues. This technology uses rapid sono-thermal heating to induce material solidification at the FUS focal region, constructing 3D objects without the need for a build platform. Here, we describe two procedures necessary to achieve DAVP. First, we provide a step-by-step guide for preparing and characterizing multicomponent viscoelastic self-enhancing sono-inks. The lower critical solution temperature polymers are synthesized as a phase-transition reversible acoustic absorber to formulate the sono-inks. We characterize the rheological, acoustic and cytocompatibility properties of the sono-inks. We then detail the procedure for building a 3D FUS printer by integrating an FUS transducer with a 3D printing platform. The development of the 3D FUS printer needs basic knowledge of the ultrasound system, FUS physics and volumetric printing. Using the sono-inks and the 3D FUS printer, we further provide guidance to evaluate the sono-thermal heating effect and characterize the volumetric printing resolutions. We demonstrate the printing of volumetric constructs through optically scattering materials such as centimeter-thick biological tissues. The procedures require ~470 h to complete.

Indexed as

InkPrinting, Three-DimensionalSonicationAcousticsAnimalsPolymersPolymers

Identifiers

PMID41094226

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.