Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41093953›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Process and property assessment of liquid metal spray deposition towards scalable and reliable stretchable electronics.

Maximilian Krack, Rathul Nengminza Sangma, Lennert Purnal, Parth Vinayakrao Sewlikar, Dieter Reenars, Fatemeh Sahraeeazartamar, Joost Brancart, Guy Van Assche, Iris De Graeve, Tom Hauffman and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Maximilian KrackInstitute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium.
Rathul Nengminza SangmaBrubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Lennert PurnalInstitute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium.
Parth Vinayakrao SewlikarMaterials and Chemistry and Sustainable Materials Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Dieter ReenarsInstitute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium.
Fatemeh SahraeeazartamarMaterials and Chemistry and Sustainable Materials Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Joost BrancartMaterials and Chemistry and Sustainable Materials Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Guy Van AsscheMaterials and Chemistry and Sustainable Materials Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Iris De GraeveMaterials and Chemistry and Sustainable Materials Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Tom HauffmanMaterials and Chemistry and Sustainable Materials Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Michaël DaenenInstitute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium.
Seppe TerrynBrubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Bram VanderborghtBrubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Elsene, 1050, Belgium.
Monika RaiInstitute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium.
Wim DefermeInstitute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium. wim.deferme@uhasselt.be.

Funding

Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent BOF23INCENT17Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek 1SH1C24NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek S007423N
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Liquid metal stretchable electronics combine exceptional softness, stretchability, and self-healing capabilities, making them ideal for smart wearables and soft robotics. A key fabrication approach involves pneumatic spray deposition into patterned structures. However, the impact of process parameters on LM deposition remains poorly understood, largely due to reliance on manual airbrushing-limiting both scalability and reliability. This work addresses these challenges with a custom-built automated spray coater, offering precise control over key parameters such as flow rate, pressure, and spray distance. Through systematic process-property analysis, we reveal that rougher coatings improve device yield (approaching 100%) but compromise long-term reliability. Finer linewidths (0.25 mm) fail earlier in cyclic testing and exhibit reduced self-healing compared to wider lines (≥ 0.5 mm). Scalability is demonstrated through the fabrication of a large-area wearable strain sensor (70 × 150 mm) for human motion capture. These findings offer critical insights into process-structure-property relationships, paving the way for reliable, scalable LM-based stretchable electronics.

Indexed as

Liquid metalReliabilitySpray depositionStrain sensorStretchable electronics

Identifiers

PMID41093953
PMCPMC12528429

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.