Who gets sicker and why? Parents' perceptions of COVID-19 disparities and how they would explain them to their children.

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed substantial health disparities, disproportionately impacting Black individuals, individuals of lower socioeconomic status, and older adults in the US. Little is known as to whether and how adults discuss these disparities with their children, an essential first step toward determining when and how children come to understand these differences. To address these questions, we recruited parents with at least one child aged 5-12 (N = 443, 61% White) from CloudResearch Prime Panels. We asked participants to report their likelihood of discussing these disparities with their children, how they would explain them, their own beliefs regarding these disparities, and a series of group perception and attitudinal measures. An ordinal mixed-effects regression revealed that parents were significantly more likely to say they would discuss the age disparity than the race and class disparities, with no difference between the latter. Parents of older children reported being more likely to discuss race and age disparities than parents of younger children. Ordinal logistic regressions revealed that parents reported they would discuss the race disparity significantly more when they held stronger racial essentialist beliefs, held stronger racial social constructionist beliefs, and perceived Black people as warmer and less competent. Parents also reported that they would discuss the social class disparity significantly more when they held stronger essentialist beliefs about social class. Qualitative coding revealed that parents' potential explanations for the disparity and reasons to discuss the disparities (or not) with their children differed by dimension. Finally, parents' own beliefs about the existence, nature, and causes of these disparities predicted the likelihood that they would discuss them with their children -- though differently for the different dimensions. Overall, our findings suggest that parents' likelihood of discussing health disparities reflects three key factors: their own beliefs about whether/how such disparities exist, their attitudes toward the affected groups, and their comfort in discussing social issues with their children.