ArticleJAMA network open2025
Immunity to Streptococcus pyogenes and Common Respiratory Viruses at Age 0 to 4 Years After COVID-19 Restrictions.
Article in JAMA network open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Increased Pediatric Head and Neck Abscesses Following the COVID-19 Pandemic.The Laryngoscope · 2026Article
- The Severity and Characteristics of Pediatric Group A Streptococcal Meningitis in the Netherlands (2015-June 2024): Results From a Nationwide Multicenter Cohort Study.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Observational
- Promoting expertise knowledge sharing in paediatric virology: An update (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Post-pandemic respiratory infections in children born during or before the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of invasive group A streptococcal infection in the Republic of Korea, 2015-2024: a nationwide multicenter study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Allergic Status, Long COVID, and Post-Restriction Respiratory Outcomes in Children: A Single-Center Questionnaire-Based Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Increased burden of invasive group A streptococcal disease among Australian children, 2023-2024: a prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Temporal trends in RSV-specific antibody seroprevalence among hosptalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a retrospective cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Viral Immunity in Immunoglobulin Products: Global Immunity Debt and Autoimmunity in the Postpandemic Era.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Clinical features and trends of severe paediatric group A streptococcal infections in Japan in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Viral infections and invasive group a streptococcal disease incidence during 2022-2023.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Machine Learning Model with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as a Proof-of-Concept Tool for Predicting Group ADiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Epidemiological Trends in Pediatric Osteoarticular Infections-Results from a Single-Center Retrospective Study Covering 2015-2023.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Severe Pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal Disease.JAMA network open · 2025Observational
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60 authors.
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Abstract
Importance: The upsurge in invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes among children reported in several European countries during 2022 to 2023 has not been fully explained. Objective: To evaluate whether changes in the circulation of common respiratory pathogens associated with the introduction of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with acquisition of immunity to S pyogenes and common respiratory viruses. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study recruited children with suspected infection and afebrile control participants at hospitals in 10 European countries. Data were collected before (September 2016 to March 2020) and after (April 2020 to July 2023) the introduction of NPIs. Main Outcomes and Measures: Molecular detection of bacterial and viral pathogens on throat swabs and age-stratified total serum immunoglobin G (IgG) reactivity to S pyogenes cell wall extract from 2 strains, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 5 influenza viruses, 4 common cold coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV-2, measured by immunoassay. Results: Throat swabs from 1942 children aged 0 to 4 years were tested for respiratory pathogens (1449 recruited before introduction of NPIs [median (IQR) age, 19.7 (8.2-38.1) months; 798 (55.1%) male]; 493 recruited after [median (IQR) age, 20.7 (9.7-38.1) months; 269 (54.7%) male]). A decrease in detection of S pyogenes, RSV, common cold coronaviruses, and influenza viruses was observed between March 2020 to July 2021, corresponding to the maximal period of NPIs. Antibodies to S pyogenes were measured in 252 children recruited before NPIs and 200 thereafter. Antibodies to viral antigens were measured in 230 children before NPIs and 92 thereafter. Total IgG to S pyogenes and RSV was significantly lower in children aged 3 to 4 years recruited after NPI introduction compared with those recruited before (S pyogenes emm1 strain: after, 67 participants; median [IQR] 0.13 [0.44-0.44] relative units [RU]; before, 87 participants; median [IQR] 0.35 [0.10-0.65] RU; P = .007. RSV: after, 30 participants; median [IQR] 49.6 [31.1-120.7] mesoscale units [MU]/1000; before, 76 participants; median [IQR] 141.8 [78.1-423.1] MU/1000; P < .001). No such differences were observed for children aged 0 to 2 years or for individual influenza viruses or SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, there was a significant reduction in serum antibodies to S pyogenes and RSV in children aged 3 to 4 years after introduction of NPIs. Equivalent to approximately a 1-year delay in acquisition of immunity, these data suggest a putative biological basis for the 2022 to 2023 upsurge in severe S pyogenes infections in this age group.
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