Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41091326›Full record

ArticleDiscover oncology2025

Blood expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 as potential prognostic and diagnostic markers for breast cancer: a systematic review.

Mina Niusha, Saba Hajazimian, Nayemeh Soltani, Pouya Goleij, Parisa Pagard, Farshid Oruji, Javad Behroozi, Shima Shabani, Alireza Isazadeh, Behzad Baradaran

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In one paragraph

Article in Discover oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Mina NiushaDepartment of Genetics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Saba HajazimianImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Nayemeh SoltaniDepartment of Microbiology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
Pouya GoleijDepartment of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran.
Parisa PagardDepartment of Genetics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Farshid OrujiCollege of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Javad BehrooziDepartment of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Shima ShabaniPritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Alireza IsazadehImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Behzad BaradaranImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. behzad_im@yahoo.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The risk of developing cancer is significantly higher for individuals with compromised immune function, as the immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against tumor cells. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the blood expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as prognostic markers for patients with breast cancer. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Medline (Ovid) databases to find relevant studies. The search strategy encompassed utilization of CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, breast cancer, mRNA expression, blood, and prognostic markers as keywords. We chose seven studies published between July 2010 and July 2022, involving 1328 patients. Our study indicated that blood mRNA expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 is higher in patients with breast cancer than in healthy individuals. Blood CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 high levels can be considered as poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. However, it appears that simultaneously using several prognostic biomarkers at the same time can be more useful.

Indexed as

BiomarkersBreast cancerCTLA-4Immune checkpointsPD-1PD-L1

Identifiers

PMID41091326
PMCPMC12528640

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.