ArticleNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Evaluation of Nanodiamond-in-Oil Emulsion with Snake Venom to Enhance Potent Antibody Induction in Mice and Rabbits.
Article in Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an innovative material in biomedical applications based on their excellent biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, and high surface area. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ND-in-oil emulsion to induce potent antibody responses in animals immunized with cobra venom. NDs demonstrated the capacity to bind complex venom proteins as stable conjugates, well dispersed in aqueous solution. Immunization of mice with cobra venom incorporated with ND-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (ND/venom) elicited strong venom-specific antibody responses with titers comparable to those induced by venom formulation with conventional Freund's adjuvants (FA/venom). IgG subclass analysis revealed that ND- and FA-based formulations induced a Th2-biased immune response in mice. Moreover, antibodies elicited by ND/venom or FA/venom immunization specifically recognized the epitopes of the lethal component of short-chain neurotoxin and conferred full protection against lethal cobra venom challenge (3LD
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