ArticleImmunity, inflammation and disease2025
Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) Elicit Mild Local Reactogenicity After Intramuscular Injection in Absence of Aluminum Salt Adjuvant.
Article in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesGeneralized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA) are outer membrane vesicles derived from gram-negative bacteria that can be used to design affordable subunit vaccines. GMMA are highly immunogenic and capable to induce an optimal antigen-specific humoral immune response both in animals and humans. Despite their potent immunogenicity, GMMA are usually formulated with aluminum salts (alum) to reduce their potential systemic reactogenicity. GMMA, in fact, contain agonists of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2 that possess pro-inflammatory activity. The adsorption of GMMA onto alum is believed to reduce their systemic exposure. However, it has been found that GMMA formulated without alum did not induce concerning signs of systemic reactogenicity in the rabbit model. Here, we asked whether GMMA promote local reactogenicity.
methodsWe immunized mice intramuscularly with GMMA alone or adsorbed to alum and analyzed the injection site during 7 days after treatment.
resultsWe found that GMMA alone promoted only mild inflammation within the muscle, whereas the presence of alum induced severe muscle inflammation, as expected. Thus, in the mouse model, GMMA demonstrated to possess mild local reactogenic potential, while alum is confirmed a major driver of local reactogenicity.
conclusionOur results further support the idea to investigate the reactogenicity of GMMA formulated without alum in clinical studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.